in a dictionary, published in Amsterdam in 1700: Simius, Simia | , [] | Aap Meerkat. Once you open the door (as Blenchs hypothesis does) to the idea of the Niger-Congo noun class system having arisen by diffusion from an unrelated group of languages, it seems to to me that the situation in Fulfulde and Wolof is more or less exactly what you would expect to see from further diffusion between language groups which may or may not be genetically related. Yes, I see where the dates got incorporated now. and then theres some intriguing lexical evidence that Longobardic was actually a North Germanic language. the most recent common ancestor of Semitic is in the ME. some 20% of the most basic vocabulary of this outlier language, and a bit of the grammar, is AA, https://www.oocities.org/gdvbqz/ling/eafricamap2.gif, Id say contact with AA is rather more plausible than contact with Khoe-San. In fact, contact with AA is an absolute certainty , (though Maarten Mous grammar of Iraqw, to be fair, says that currently, at any rate, there is little contact between these two groups apart from the Iraqw obtaining honey from the Hadza in exchange for tobacco.). I Two occurrences of Nature and two sets of parentheses are unintended result of my, apparently unfinished, attempt to make it less ambiguos:(, The latter two are just spinoffs of the first, created mainly to maximize all impact factors, I found it funny, and at the same time logical and even reassuring that the lightest and more accessible (more pics and less math) journal is on the top of the hierarchy. At some point, we posit archaic language diversity. Akten der IX. A Bad Guide There are. Yet a different Semitic writing tradition would descend from the Proto-Canaanite script. Which, yknow, isnt that bad; compare Uralic & Altaic. naukoobrzno scient-oid-ly (about somethign that can be science or not, but has appearance of science). I would be happy to be proved wrong, however. (As so often, the links in Wiktionary dead end, in this case because Low German -erie does not exist. , . . - But to put it more concretely in Rillys terms, Northern East Sudanic.) But, regardless, I doubt whether Kitchen et al* even know why real historical linguists think that shared innovations matter. I have a Kusaal word sakarg fox in my materials, but I dont know what species it refers to exactly. Thank you for reminding me to do something I should have done months ago and write to Roger asking him to put a clarification on that draft; its clearly not obscure enough for me to ignore. (https://reich.hms.harvard.edu/sites/reich.hms.harvard.edu/files/inline-files/Herders_aDNA_published.pdf ), but also Scheinfeldt doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1817678116, documenting successive in-migrations of Levantine and/or North African (at least some of them Afro-Asiatic), later Nilo-Saharan, and much later Bantu herders which part-mixed with the locals and part-pushed them into less accessible habitats. Vince is the author ofA Multitude of All Peoples(IVP),Gospel Haymanot (UMI) andThe Bisrat(Jude 3 Project). Which reminds me: why Cono Sur? The collapse of the Ghassulian culture in Palestine around 3300 B.C. Soc.) This seems in line with what might have been my naive expectation that agriculture would have led to population expansion out of the Levant, as it did in Europe during the Neolithic. This whole talk of prove, certainty or established is a bit misleading. leads to a different tree. I dont know that this is tremendously perplexing, though: Blench doesnt seem surprised that much of Eurasia is even less diverse (at that high a level) and he, of all people, should know that it is stupid to imagine African prehistory in terms of lots of tribal bands largely isolated from any long-distance networking. (And looking at that, I start thinking about the oryx. There is, however, some amount of evidence for large taxonomic blocks (stocks) that constitute subdivisions of this linguistic phantom, albeit not necessarily the same subdivisions as postulated by Greenberg and his followers.. The glamour mags all deal primarily with the natural sciences, so there may not have been an editor available who knew much of anything about linguistics. And I am not even speaking about the fact that now I need VPN to see the text (perhaps because of the war). I always understood that the sedentary Plains tribes declined because, after the introduction of the horse, you could simply live a lot better by buffalo hunting than by farming in that climate. hbbd```b``/>d /@xl,@L@,@@y> F1
And in the acquisition of the lexicon, again across languages, children move from a restricted vocabulary of nursery terms and over or underextensions of conventional items to a period of creative innovation; eventually the conventional lexicon takes over, while at the same time vocabulary growth is both constrained and elaborated by socially and culturally appropriate distinctions of register and usage, lasting into adolescence. Oh dear. a passage by Kossmann (after listing -s/-us Latin loans and -u Latin loans, speculating that these can possibly reflect different time or borrowing or different Latin case form used). It is funny if this niche is colonized by pez. I have no idea what of this is due to difference in cat or human attitudes to each other, and what is due to cat/human genetics, but nothing of this I would call domestication. The most striking case is Altaic, where one group of scholars produces thousands of reconstructed forms, and another denies that the major branches are even related. Theres an analogous question with Volta-Congo and Bantu: Bantu easily takes the prize overall for most complicated verbal agreement morphology*, and the Traditional View (boo! guinea pig (Meerschweinchen) From the description of the changes in C Chulainns appearance when he enters his rastrad or battle frenzy. Lots of biologists thought the same when phylogenetics was introduced in biology forty years ago. The last-mentioned two verbs both have indeed PIE ancestry (dewk-, terh-), but end up being lost altogether also in modern Nordic as far as I can see. The idea that greater weight should be attributed to some traits than to others for defining a linguistic area can be illustrated with the borrowed word order patterns in the Ethiopian linguistic area. The Amorites and their congeners would appear to have followed as far as Syria before 2500 B.C. I dont think there were any settled agriculturalists around the pre-colonial Khoikhoi or Chukchi, both herders; settled agriculturalists certainly help fill out the diet, but at a pinch one can apparently live without them. At Urkesh (Tell Mozan), the Hurrian capital, stunning monumental remains, including a vast monumental temple plaza and terrace are coming to light. *Compare the famous (from A Pub Opened on Deribasovskays [street]): and he spoke as poets speak: This helped me get a ground sense of how the grouping may not be as strong as some would have it, DE. Typologically the orders Noun-Postposition, Verb-Auxiliary, and Relative Clause-Head Noun are all correlated and tend to co-occur with SOV order cross-linguistically. The single substative basis for the subgrouping of langauges is the identification in them of shared innovations that are unlikely to have been borrowed from one to another. But piling up small dialects and koine is a bad idea. Those were the times lo these onescore years ago. In current usage, as far as I can tell, Hamito-Semitic is what elderly European linguists use if they want to make a point of how Greenbergs contribution to the discipline was exaggerated, and Afroasiatic (with or without a hyphen) is what everyone else says. Is the NES relationship twice as old as PIE? Happily, I dont think it really is the case that we need to understand Meroitic to make any progress with the reconstruction of NES (assuming it really is connected.) Finally, we identify variants that show evidence of selection, including polygenic selection. The loss of grammatical gender based on the noun classes cant be projected back to Proto-WOV, because the system is alive and well in Farefare and Boulba, but its loss elsewhere is the sort of thing its tempting to explain by substrates. Such an editor is going to have trouble finding qualified referees, I suppose. The *Blog (A blog devoted to all matters Indo-European) Are there aspects of Afroasiatic that make it seem likely to have originated earlier or later than such an expansion? Given that recent phylogenetic treatment of early tetrapods shows that [] may be distinct from most or all other [] and may instead belong to the amniote crown group ([]), this would suggest [] may have occurred [], ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~, There is little in the way of plausible lexical matches (but there are some: its a bit like the situation with Uralic and Indo-European.). I have a doctoral minor in Spanish and spent my army tour in Panama, and I know Ive seen the usage. This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged. Tee hee. Now I look at it, Moor ygempende hedgehog is segmentally identical to camel belly; however, the tones are wrong, which in these languages is as big an issue as the vowels or consonants being wrong. I assume the quote is from something that was linked, but I didnt find that either. I added figuring out the attestation chronology to my to do list (perhaps inspired by this passage in Kossmann, cattuscattus is funny. In Greek, the earliest attestations seem to come from scholia, but figuring out when they actually date to is beyond me right now. It is an area which I wish to see studied more: creative contribution of speakers in the langauge (rather than in a text). >Good to have confirmation of Early European Farmer ancestry in the Maghreb. (This can lead to myopia, though: Id have realised that the verb sit was reconstructable to Proto-Volta-Congo a lot earlier were it not for the fact that all of Western Oti-Volta has adopted a quite unrelated root, just to throw me off the scent. I have vivid memories of seeing a fish the size of a grown man unloaded from a tiny fishing canoe on the Niger river at its confluence with the Benue at Lokoja, 260 miles from the sea , Did the Romans do much fishing in the English Channel? 3) why there are so many synonyms for pig? Neither means fish outside of Arabic. Again the characteristics for the classifications have some basis in reality but with arbitrary or capricious features as well, sometimes the result of historical accidents, as when Japanese hon book, volume is used as a classifier for long cylindrical objects like bottles. Rilly says: the Proto-Nubian word [for mud] was therefore *noog (collective) / *nig-di (singulative) mud, silt. It comes from Spanish and is probably more commonly used in the American West than in the East, but the OED records its use in English (in the original meaning of beach) all the way back to 1600 (although until the nineteenth century it seems to be used primarily in descriptions of beaches in Spanish-speaking areasadding a bit of local linguistic color). Its not as crude as early lexicostatistics. Also for Oman there must be older koine and modern Gulf-influenced koine. Who chose the referees, and on what basis? to pick an IE homeland in Anatolia, but they used a computer. Welsh is quite fond of making singulatives out of plurals, which then oust the original singular form, as with llygoden mouse = Old Irish luch (accusative lochaid), via the perfectly-to-be-expected regular plural form llygod. As PIE the orders Noun-Postposition, Verb-Auxiliary, and I know Ive seen the usage of the culture. In Panama, and Relative Clause-Head Noun are all correlated and tend to co-occur with order. 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